fanyen käännös Klusiilimutaatio on nyt wikinnetty ja jätetty tarkastettavaksi. Lacho calad!
Miksipä ei, olisihan lyhyitä sivuja ainakin miellyttävämpi skrollailla. Ehkä jotenkin näin?Tik sanoi:PS. Joko pian koittaa se (väistämätön?) hetki, jolloin Sindar - jalo kieli -artikkeli on jaettava osiin?
Versio 2004 sanoi:Certain other cases of monosyllables turning into polysyllables involves, not a new vowel intruding before a consonant as in dagr > dagor, but a consonant turning into a vowel. Most of the examples involve older -w becoming -u. Before the stage where the final vowels were lost, some words ended in -wa (typically adjectives) or -we (typically abstracts). When the final vowels disappeared, only -w was left of these endings. For instance, the word for "craft" or "skill" that appears in Quenya as kurwe (curwë), which would also be the Old Sindarin form of the word, came out as curw in early Sindarin. We must assume that in the plural this would become cyrw, a perfectly regular form according to the rules set out above. But as indicated in LR:366 s.v. KUR, curw later became curu: Final -w following another consonant turned into a vowel -u, the semi-vowel becoming a full vowel. Again, the appearance of a new vowel would presumably result in apparent irregularities: Presented with a noun like curu, it would be tempting to let it go like tulus "poplar-tree", pl. tylys - hence curu pl. ?cyry. But the latter, if it occurred at all, would be an analogical form. The historically justified plural of curu can only be cyru, the older pl. cyrw turning into cyru just like the older sg. curw turned into curu.
Here are the words affected, with suggested plurals: anu "a male" (plural form einu), celu "spring, source" (pl. cilu), coru adj. "cunning, wily" (pl. cyru), curu "skill, cunning device, craft" (pl. again cyru), galu "good fortune" (pl. geilu), gwanu "death, act of dying" (pl. gweinu), haru "wound" (pl. heiru), hethu "foggy, obscure, vague" (pl. hithu), hithu "fog" (unchanged in the pl. and not to be confused with the pl. form of the adjective hethu), inu "a female" (unchanged in the pl.), malu "fallow, pale" (pl. meilu), naru "red" (pl. neiru), nedhu "bolster, cushion" (pl. nidhu), pathu "level space, sward" (pl. peithu), talu "flat" (pl. teilu), tinu "spark, small star" (unchanged in the pl.) We let words with the stem-vowel a have plural forms in ei rather than ai, again assuming that these words became disyllabic before ei turned into ai in final syllables (that is, when this change occurred, the syllable in which ei was found was no longer final because -w had already become -u, constituting a new final syllable). Hence anu : einu, gwanu : gweinu, haru : heiru, malu : meilu, naru : neiru, pathu : peithu, talu : teilu. If the change ei > ai in final syllables predated these words becoming polysyllabic, we should read ai instead of ei in the plural forms - except in the case of haru and naru, the plural forms of which should then probably be heru and neru for earlier herw, nerw. (Cf. the pl. of narn "tale" being nern, presumably from earlier ?neirn, ei apparently being simplified to e before a consonant cluster beginning in r-. If the pl. of naru is neru, this would imply that ei was simplified to e before the cluster rw of the earlier forms narw pl. ?neirw ceased being a cluster at all because the final consonant w turned into a vowel. Otherwise, as assumed above, the rule that ei became e before a cluster in r- would not apply: The original cluster had turned into a single consonant + a vowel instead.)
Versio 2011 sanoi:Certain other cases of monosyllables turning into polysyllables involves, not a new vowel intruding before a consonant as in dagr > dagor, but a consonant turning into a vowel. Most of the examples involve older -w becoming -u. Before the stage where the final vowels were lost, some words ended in -wa (typically adjectives) or -we (typically abstracts). When the final vowels disappeared, only -w was left of these endings. For instance, the word for "craft" or "skill" that appears in Quenya as kurwe (curwë), which would also be the Old Sindarin form of the word, came out as curw in early Sindarin. We must assume that in the plural this would become cyrw, a perfectly regular form according to the rules set out above. But as indicated in LR:366 s.v. KUR, curw later became curu: Final -w following another consonant turned into a vowel -u, the semi-vowel becoming a full vowel. Presented with a noun like curu, it would be tempting to let it go like tulus "poplar-tree", pl. tylys - hence curu pl. cyry. In an older version of this article, I noted: "But the latter, if it occurred at all, would be an analogical form. The historically justified plural of curu can only be cyru, the older pl. cyrw turning into cyru just like the older sg. curw turned into curu." However, it now turns out that the analogical plural form cyry was indeed listed by Tolkien in the Etymologies (VT45:24), though it was omitted from the entry KUR as printed in LR.
The attested example cyry may indicate that Tolkien meant the analogical plural forms to have superseded the historically justified ones, at least in the class of nouns with final -u derived from earlier -w. Here are the words that are affected; we will indicate what both the historically justified plural and the analogical alternative would be: anu "a male" (historically justified plural form einu, but analogically eny), celu "spring, source" (hist. pl. cilu, analog. cily), coru adj. "cunning, wily" (hist. pl. cyru, analog. cery), curu "skill, cunning device, craft" (hist. pl. cyru, attested analogical pl. cyry), galu "good fortune" (hist. pl. geilu, analog. gely), gwanu "death, act of dying" (hist. pl. gweinu, analog. gweny), haru "wound" (hist. pl. heiru, analog. hery), hethu "foggy, obscure, vague" (hist. pl. hithu, analog. hethy), hithu "fog" (unchanged as a hist. pl., whereas the analogical pl. form would be distinct: hithy), inu "a female" (again the historically justified pl. would be unchanged, whereas the analogical pl. would be iny), malu "fallow, pale" (hist. pl. meilu, analog. mely), naru "red" (hist. pl. neiru, analog. nery), nedhu "bolster, cushion" (hist. pl. nidhu, analog. nedhy), pathu "level space, sward" (hist. pl. peithu, analog. pethy), talu "flat" (hist. pl. teilu, analog. tely), tinu "spark, small star" (the hist. pl. would be unchanged, the analogical pl. would be tiny). In the historically justified forms, we let words with the stem-vowel a have plural forms in ei rather than ai, again assuming that these words became disyllabic before ei turned into ai in final syllables (that is, when this change occurred, the syllable in which ei was found was no longer final because -w had already become -u, constituting a new final syllable). Hence anu : einu, gwanu : gweinu etc. However, if Tolkien had decided to go for the simpler analogical forms, these extra complications are transcended.
Tik (keskustelu "Sindar ( Edhellen )") sanoi:Sindar-artikkelin eteneminen loppusuoralle on iloinen uutinen. Kannattaisikohan siihen S-JK: Käännöksestä -artikkeliin koota tiedot siitä, mitkä wikiin siirretyt kaipaavat vielä tarkistamista tai muotoilua?
Tik (muokkauskommentti wikissä) sanoi:Termi "primitiivinen" hieman häiritsee - olisiko siihen parempi vastine? Muutin myös "gnomish" > "goldogrin" - onko ok?
derived from primitive thandā ‘shield’ – – This, in primitive form keglē, was derived from a stem keg- ‘snag, barb’, seen also in the primitive word kegyā ‘hedge’
KTK s. 385 sanoi:jonka kantasanoina olivat muinaismuodot thandā, ’kilpi’, – – Sanan muinaismuoto oli keglē joka oli johdettu kannasta keg- ’väkä, piikki’; vrt. muinaissana kegyā ’pensasaita’
Nämä sindarin partisiipit käännetään englanniksi having done -rakenteella. Suomessa sama merkitys voitaneen ilmaista sellaisilla lauseenvastikkeilla kuin tehtyäni, tehtyäsi jne. Esimerkki tällaisen partisiipin käytöstä on na-chaered palan-díriel ”katsottuani kauas” (engl. having gazed far away) laulussa Elberethille.
Without changing the meaning of the sentence much, one can often translate the perfect active participle using ’after’ and past perfect:
Nerthiel i naur lostassen.
(’Having lighted the fire I slept’; After I had lighted the fire I slept.)
Compare RGEO:73, where Tolkien explains that while palan-diriel means "gazing far away", palan-díriel has a perfective meaning: "having gazed far away".